【摘要】 目的:了解河北省儿童医院小儿肺炎病原菌分布及耐药情况。方法:收集2005年2月~2006年11月我院收治的736例确诊为肺炎患儿的痰标本行细菌培养及药敏分析。结果:736例痰标本中分离致病菌18种共335株,总阳性率为45.5%,以革兰阴性杆菌(G杆菌)为主,占81.5%,革兰阳性菌(G+菌)占18.5%。G菌对青霉素类及头孢类抗生素耐药率高,其中肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)率分别高达64.9%、67.2%,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢西丁耐药率低,对美罗培南敏感。G+菌对青霉素、头孢唑林、克林霉素、红霉素、复方新诺明(SMZ)耐药率高,对美罗培南耐药率为0,对万古霉素、利福平、左氧氟沙星、加替沙星敏感。结论:本院小儿肺炎致病菌以G杆菌占优势,不同菌种对抗生素的耐药性存在差异。非发酵G杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌多重耐药现象严重,非发酵菌耐药性比产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌更高。
【关键词】 小儿;肺炎;耐药;病原菌;超广谱β内酰胺酶;痰培养
[Abstract] Objective:To investigate the bacterial distribution and drugsensitivity of pediatric patients with pneumonia in our children,s hospital. Methods: Bacterial identification and susceptibility test were done for 736 sputum specimens of pediatric patients with pneumonia in Childrens Hospital from Feb. 2005 to Nov. 2006. Results: In 763 cases, 18 pathogenic bacteria and 335 strains were separated from the sputum samples, the total positive rate was 45.5%, the chief pathogens were Gramnegative bacilli which included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginos, Acinetobacter species, other Nonfermenters, Serratia liquefaciens, Haemophilus, accounting for 81.5%. Grampositive bacilli which included Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 18.5%. Gramnegative bacilli were highly resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins. ESBLsproducing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were 65.6% and 67.7%, respectively. All of Klebsiella pneumoniae was sensitive to Meropenem. Grampositive bacilli to penicillins, cefazolin, Clindamycim, Erythromycin and SMZ was completely resistant, but was sensitive to Meropenem, Vancomycin, Rifampin, Levofloxacin Gatifloxacin. Conclusions: The most common pathogenic bacterias of the pediatric patients with pneumonia were Klebsiella Pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginose, Acinetobacter species, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis and other Nonfermenters. Gramnegative bacilli was the major pathogenic bacteria, and the resistance of the different types of bacilli was various to antibiotics. Multidrug resistance of Nonfermenters, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. becomes a serious problem. The drug resistant rate of Nonfermenters was higher than that of ESBLsproducing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli.
[Key words] Children; Pneumonia; Drug resistance; Pathogenic bacteria; Extended spectrum βlactamase; Sputum culture
肺炎是儿科最常见的疾病,是5岁以下儿童的主要死亡原因之一,重症肺炎多存在细菌感染。近年来由于抗菌药物的更新换代及人为滥用,新病原与病原变异体不断出现,使临床上引起感染的细菌谱发生变化,细菌耐药现象及条件致病菌感染逐渐增多,耐药菌及多重耐药菌呈上升趋势,感染性疾病的控制愈加困难,又因许多抗菌药物对儿童潜在的毒副作用,使儿科抗感染更困难。因此及时了解本地区肺炎细菌谱及耐药现状,从而指导合理使用抗生素十分重要。为此本文对我院肺炎致病菌的分布及其耐药情况进行了流行病学调查,现报告如下。
1 资料和方法
1.1 资料
收集2005年2月~2006年11月我院收治的诊断为小儿肺炎的736例患儿痰标本做细菌学检测,其中男494例(67.1%),女242例(32.9%)。年龄<1岁529例(71.9%),1~3岁137例(18.6%),>3岁70例(9.5%)。
1.2 方法
2 结果
2.1 痰液标本病原菌分离情况
736份小儿肺炎痰标本中检出细菌18种,共335株,总分离率为45.5%,见表1。表1 小儿肺炎细菌检出率及分布
2.2 G菌对常用抗菌药的药敏情况
G菌对常用抗菌药的药敏情况及肠杆菌中产ESBLs菌与非产ESBLs菌对常用抗菌药的药敏情况对比分别见表2和表3。
2.3 G+对常用抗菌药的药敏情况
见表4,表皮葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、SMZ耐药率明显高于金黄色葡萄球菌,(P分别为0.0002、0.0470),差异均有统计学意义。
3 讨论
3.1 小儿肺炎细菌检出率及分布
本文736份小儿肺炎痰标本检出细菌18种共335株,总阳性率45.5%,与国内报道相近[1],较国外报道的50%~70%偏低[2]。首先,住院前使用抗生素是病原菌分离困难的主要因素之一,Tadashi等[3]报道,住院前使用抗生素的肺炎患者病原检出率为44.4%,未用抗生素的病原检出率为69.3%。本组病例住院前均使用了一种或多种抗生素。其次患儿依从性差,痰标本合格率低也是痰培养阳性率低的重要原因。本文显示,小儿肺炎病原菌以G杆菌占优势,以肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌为主,这与黄烈平等[4]的报道一致。G+菌中表皮葡萄球菌比例较高,可能与广谱抗生素的大量应用及小儿免疫力低下有关。
3.2 G菌对常用抗菌药物的药敏情况
除产酶大肠埃希菌对美罗培南的耐药率为3.0%,所有肺炎克雷伯菌及非产酶大肠埃希菌对美罗培南、环丙沙星的耐药率为0%,对阿米卡星的耐药率均小于15%,表明肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星、美罗培南、阿米卡星耐药率较低,显示出喹诺酮类、碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类抗生素对肠杆菌科细菌良好的抗菌活性,可能与其不被细菌产生的酶破坏及在儿科应用很少有关。
本文产ESBLs菌株对美罗培南最敏感,目前已成为临床上治疗产酶菌感染的最后一道防线,但本文仍有2株产酶大肠埃希菌耐药,可能与产酶株同时缺乏外膜孔蛋白有关[6]。克拉维酸、舒巴坦和他唑巴坦等β内酰胺酶抑制剂对ESBLs具有不同程度的抑制作用。表2 G菌对常用抗菌药的药敏情况
抗生素肺炎克雷伯菌(74株)SIR大肠埃希菌(67株)SIR铜绿假单胞菌(39株)SIR不动杆菌属(27株)SIR其它非发酵G-杆菌(20株)SIR液化沙雷菌(17株)SIR嗜血杆菌属(13株)SIR氨苄西林2.76.890.56.0094.0001000010000100017.682.446.27.746.1哌拉西林23.02.774.313.4086.666.62.630.814.811.174.170.010.020.076.5023.5哌拉西林/ 注:S敏感率、I中介率、R耐药率
本文显示,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率低,抗菌活性好,可优先选用,阿莫西林/克拉维酸次之、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦效果较差。
素敏感率较高,对环丙沙星、加替沙星无耐药株。本组对氨苄西林耐药率较高,可能是由于氨苄西林曾作为治疗该菌感染首选药物在基层医院大量应用的缘故[10]。
3.3 G+菌对常用抗菌药物的药敏情况
多数G+菌为人体正常菌群,一般不致病,由于免疫抑制剂、激素和抗生素的广泛使用,使其成为免疫功能低下儿童感染的主要致病菌。
作者:安淑华,宋庆,史玲艾,袁亚茹,武芳《儿科药学杂志》
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